“Platformed” world

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Business is more and more becoming a “platformed” world. More and more of the largest companies (based on market capitalization) are platforms. For an economist, of course, this development is not surprising. Platforms exhibit massive economies of scale (supply-side and demand-side economies of scale/network effects) and, thus, are inherently driven towards fast growth.

Many business leaders are now confronted with competition from platforms and soon realize that it is very hard to fight against platforms. So some of them are thinking about becoming a platform themselves. But be well aware, that platforms need a much different management than conventional businesses.

Digital Business defined

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What makes a business a “digital business”? In order to justify a new category of businesses, such a category needs to be substantially different from the existing ones (otherwise what value would a new category have?). And in fact, I claim that digital businesses have two economic characteristics which make them profoundly different from “traditional” businesses:

  1. All digital businesses work with near-zero marginal costs in an important part of their business.
  2. Very often digital businesses are exposed to network effects, indirect and/or direct network effects.

Digital businesses deal with goods or services that are completely or partially digital. Even an online shop wich sells physical products operates on a digital platform. And the main feature of digital goods is that they have near-zero marginal costs. Zero marginal costs have a very profound and far-reaching impact on many business decisions.

Digital goods or services are offered in digital markets. Very often such markets show network effects, wich often play a crucial role for the business. More and more digital markets are not only built by two parties (buyer and seller), but by multiple parties. These multi-sided platforms require a significantly different management and represent definitvely a new type of business.

Social platforms and failures

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Are social platforms an adequate solution for social failures? 

When Prof. Ralf Wagner and I started to plan the course “Social Media Management” at the RFH Köln, Ralf introduced me to the ideas of Prof. Mikolaj “Misiek” Piskorski (former  Harvard University, now IMD Lausanne). Prof. Piskorski developed the systematic of “social failures” which occur in the offline world and which social platforms try to solve (see: Piskorski, 2011, 2014).

“There are many interactions in the offline world that we would like to undertake but cannot. These missing interactions represent unmet social needs, or social failures. In some cases, these social failures relate to inability to meet new people – I will refer to these as ‘meet’ failures. In other cases, they pertain to the inability to share private information or social support within the context of existing relationships – I will refer to them as ‘friend’ failures. These failures lie at the heart of why people are attracted to social platforms.” (Piskorski, 2014)

Piskorski’s premises are based upon the idea that social deficits can be solved by social platforms (social solutions) – the main challenge for a platform is to do it appropriately considering the intended target group. The author introduces a four-dimension framework which represents main reasons creating social failures: breadth, display, search, and communication.

Let’s illustrate this with two examples (see: Piskorski, 2014): eHarmony solves (or at least tries to do so) the abovementioned four reasons for social failures by attracting many members to their website (breadth), knowing a lot of personal information (especially marriage-related issues) about these members by using a comprehensive questionnaire (display), connects them with other members who are, based upon the compiled information, probably a good “match” (search) and helps them to communicate, either via a feature called “Guided Communication” or alternatively via an open chat function (communication).

Another example may be Tinder: This service attracts a huge amount of members (breadth), allowing members to present themselves by creating an account (and using their Facebook profile respectively, display), presenting other members in the nearby area (search) and offering the possibility to get in touch with these members after matching (communication).

Some platforms solve these issues better than others, obviously. While I have to admit that Piskorski’s concept is really profound – actually by far the best we have found so far – and his four dimensions are covering numerous reasons for social failures, he admits that social plattforms can also increase or create new types of social failures. He calls these “derivative costs”. Considering these derivative costs there is still a lot of potential for academic research. In this context, there are two questions that are in my mind:

  1. Do situations exist when social platforms are increasing social failures (thus failing to solve failures, even worsening them or creating new problems)?
  2. Are social platforms per se able to solve every kind of social failure?

I, therefore, argue that there are two issues:

A. Social platforms can increase or create (new) social problems 

There is evidence that social platforms have the potential to create envy and jealousy in a romantic relationship or among friends as well as cybermobbing (examples for research in relation to these topics  include Krasnova, Wenninger, Widjaja, & Buxmann, 2013; Muise, Christofides, & Desmarais, 2009). Thus, do social platforms make more couple split because they can “stalk” each other, thus arousing more envy? Do they offer more possibilities for bullies? What about the enhanced anonymity in this context? Web 2.0 probably offers a “mouthpiece” for hate speeches and opinions which should not find its way into the public.

Wilson, Graham, & Gosling (2012) as well as Anderson, Fagan, Woodnutt, & Chamorro-Premuzic (2012) already collected an impressing amount of scientific reasearch covering these topics, but there is still some research needed in this field, especially in combination with Piskorski’s framework.

B. Psychological, personal problems that social platforms cannot solve 

Considering social relationships life knows countless ways to break our hearts, both from a friendship and of course from a romantic perspective. In my opinion, there exist psychological, personal problems that are creating social failures which no machines, algorithms and platforms can solve, as the human mind of each individual personality is (too?) complex.

An example: A social platform helps two people, who have just split up from a previous relationship, to get to know each other. After having some really nice conversations on- and maybe also offline, one of them realizes the experiences of the previous relationship still hurt too much and he or she is not yet ready to open up. The tragic result is (new) heartbreak for at least one of them.

This example actually kind of covers both abovementioned issues (A and B): Do social platforms increase or create social failures by not being able to overcome psychological, personal problems? Well, actually, you can’t blame the platform on offering additional opportunities to get to know new people and probable love affairs. This kind of heartbreak could also have happened the same way if these people got in contact first in the offline world, e.g. in a public space like a bar. The personal problems that one of these persons has and which create the (romantic) interaction between both of them not to happen is not the fault of the social platform. But you have to admit it does not help in solving the mentioned personal problems that occur in the offline world either. Yet, the following, rather philosophical question remains: Would these two people have been better off, if their (in the end failed) social interaction, that has been initiated by the social platform, would not have happened in the first place?

As mentioned before, there do already exist several studies analyzing both negative and positive influences of social platforms on social interactions but there surely is more space for academic research here. It would be especially interesting to see if these studies (or new aspects) can be linked to Piskorki’s framework in order to see, how well the four dimensions are actually able to solve social failures.

References 

Anderson, B., Fagan, P., Woodnutt, T., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2012). Facebook psychology: Popular questions answered by research. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 1(1), 23–37.

Krasnova, H., Wenninger, H., Widjaja, T., & Buxmann, P. (2013). Envy on Facebook: A Hidden Threat to Users’ Life Satisfaction? Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2013.

Muise, A., Christofides, E., & Desmarais, S. (2009). More Information than You Ever Wanted: Does Facebook Bring Out the Green-Eyed Monster of Jealousy? CyberPsychology & Behavior CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12(4), 441–444.

Piskorski, M. (2011). Social Strategies That Work. Retrieved March 25, 2016, from https://hbr.org/2011/11/social-strategies-that-work.

Piskorski, M. (2014). A social strategy: How we profit from social media. Princeton u. Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Wilson, R., Graham, L., & Gosling, S. (2012). A Review of Facebook Research in the Social Sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(3), 203–220.

Algorithmic world

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More and more often algorithms determine our world. Google search is obviously based on an algorithm, movie proposals in Netflix are derived from an algorithm, the products Amazon is recommending to us are calculated by an algorithm, and our newsfeed on Facebook is determined by the Edgerank, an algorithm. And there are a lot more examples.

While algorithms are convenient (and cheap) – no human effort is needed during execution –, the question remains whether they are also effective and wise. Can you really “calculate” (and that simply is what algorithms do) human behavior? And even if one could, would we human beings want to be calculated? Or wouldn’t we just for the sake of demonstrating that our actions cannot be calculated decide differently?

And how do these algorithms change our behavior and thinking? Have you realized that you already have altered some of your actions, so that the “machine” can “understand” you? And if these algorithms just recommend to you what you like (movies, music, news articles, books, products, locations, opinions etc.), how do you ever get your sight on new thoughts which usually are much more enriching for your life?

Data are the digital fuel

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As many have pointed out already, data are at the core of the digital economy. Data are the digital fuel, they drive digital businesses. The more and better data you have, the more and better services you can offer.

Whether it is personalization, predictive actions or matching, all require data. What is important is not so much the amount of data you collect from each single user, but the combination of the data of your (and maybe even partners’) users.

Founders of digital ventures

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I have been asked which competencies founders of digital ventures need. My response: Clearly, they need economic knowledge on digital businesses. As a founder I need to know:

  • how the digital economy works,
  • how to deal with network effects,
  • how to build platforms, and
  • how to select the right business model.

“Hypization” of society

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With social media and other Internet communication tools we see an explosion of communication both in terms of volume and speed. The higher speed allows for a much faster processing of information in society. One effect is that topics can be discussed and handled in a shorter period of time. This leads to a shorter lifespan of a topic. The increased volume necessitates much more “marketing” for a topic to gain awareness in society.

Both factors combined lead to an increasing number of hypes and probably also the necessity to hype a topic in order to gain attention for it in society. In this respect we see a “hypization” of society. Will we continue to move in this direction? Where will this lead society to?

Head start of media companies

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Media companies should be better prepared for digital business than many other companies. They are used to produce and sell information goods. And often they are experienced with two-sided markets. Both areas are important in digital business.